Down Syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects about 1 in 1100 babies in Australia and leads to physical and intellectual developmental delays, with common features including unique facial traits and cognitive impairments. Down Syndrome is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21). While the severity varies, early intervention and support enable individuals with DS to lead healthy, fulfilling lives.
Risk factors for Down Syndrome
Chances of having a baby with Down Syndrome increase with maternal age, increasing more significantly over the age of 35. However, it is important to note that most children with Down syndrome are born to mothers younger than 35 simply because younger women have more children overall. It is important to note that Down Syndrome is not caused by environmental factors or anything the parents did during pregnancy.
Further risk factors include:
- Genetic predisposition: A small number of cases occur due to a parent carrying a genetic rearrangement called a translocation, which can result in an extra part of chromosome 21 being passed on to the child.
- Previous pregnancies: Having a child with Down Syndrome can slightly increase the likelihood of having another child with Down Syndrome.
Symptoms of Down Syndrome
The symptoms of Down syndrome can vary, but some common features include:
- Physical features: People with Down Syndrome can have a flattened facial profile, upward-slanting eyes, a single deep crease across the centre of the palm, and a smaller stature.
- Developmental delays: Down syndrome can cause slower physical and cognitive development. This may include delayed speech, motor skills, and learning difficulties.
- Health complications: Those with Down syndrome may have a higher risk of health complications, such as congenital heart defects, respiratory issues, and vision or hearing problems. They may also be at a higher risk of obesity, thyroid conditions, and sleep apnoea.
While these symptoms present challenges, early intervention therapies such as Exercise Physiology, Speech Therapy, Occupational Therapy and other physical therapies can greatly improve outcomes for individuals with Down Syndrome.
How Exercise Helps Individuals with Down Syndrome
Exercise plays a critical role in improving the quality of life for individuals with Down Syndrome. Regular physical activity helps enhance motor skills, coordination, and overall physical health. Many people with Down Syndrome have lower muscle tone (hypotonia) and weaker joints, which can be strengthened through exercise. In addition, regular exercise can help manage weight, as individuals with Down Syndrome are more prone to obesity due to a slower metabolic rate. Exercise has also been shown to improve mental well-being, increase social interaction, and reduce the risk of developing secondary health conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and joint pain. Social and team-based activities such as sports and group exercise can help form friendships, foster a sense of belonging and improve social skills.
Exercise Recommendations for Individuals with Down Syndrome
The key to an effective exercise program is consistency and incorporating fun activities for increased engagement. Important exercise modalities include:
- Aerobic Exercise: Walking, swimming, cycling, and dancing are excellent ways to improve cardiovascular health and endurance.
- Strength Training: Light resistance exercises like bodyweight squats, resistance band exercises, or weight machines can help build muscle strength and improve joint stability.
- Flexibility & Balance Training: Yoga, stretching, and balance exercises are important for improving mobility and preventing injury, especially given the low muscle tone and joint laxity often seen in individuals with Down Syndrome.
- Consistency & Enjoyment: The key is to ensure the individual enjoys the exercise, making it more likely they will stick to a routine.
How can Uplift Exercise Physiology Help?
Before starting any exercise program it’s advisable to consult with healthcare professionals such as an Accredited Exercise Physiologist. With proper support and guidance, exercise can be a powerful tool to improve the health and happiness of individuals with Down Syndrome.
Written by Uplift Exercise Physiologist, Tom Davies
References
- Impact of Physical Activity on Autonomy and Quality of Life in Individuals with Down Syndrome (2024, January 11). Systematic Review. Click here
- Exercise Right (2023, November 30). How to exercise right for Down Syndrome. Click here
- American College of Sports Medicine (March 22, 2022). Physical Activity Engagement for Clients with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities. Click here
- Resistance Training and Down Syndrome. (September 27, 2022). A narrative review on considerations for exercise prescription and safety. Click here
